Sokolowski and his team don’t delve into the reasons people head for dictionaries and websites in search of specific words. Rather, they chase the data on lookup spikes and world events that correlate. This time around, there was no particularly huge boost at any given time but a constancy to the increased interest in “authentic”.
This was the year of artificial intelligence, for sure, but also a moment when ChatGPT-maker OpenAI suffered a leadership crisis. Taylor Swift and Prince Harry chased after authenticity in their words and deeds. Musk himself, at February’s World Government Summit in Dubai, urged the heads of companies, politicians, ministers and other leaders to “speak authentically” on social media by running their own accounts.
“Can we trust whether a student wrote this paper? Can we trust whether a politician made this statement? We don’t always trust what we see anymore,” Sokolowski said. “We sometimes don’t believe our own eyes or our own ears. We are now recognising that authenticity is a performance itself.”
Merriam-Webster’s entry for “authentic” is busy with meaning.
There is “not false or imitation: real, actual”, as in an authentic cockney accent. There’s “true to one’s own personality, spirit or character”. There’s “worthy of acceptance or belief as conforming to or based on fact”. There is “made or done the same way as an original”. And, perhaps the most telling, there’s “conforming to an original so as to reproduce essential features”.
“Authentic” follows 2022’s choice of “gaslighting”. And 2023 marks Merriam-Webster’s 20th anniversary choosing a top word.
The company’s data crunchers filter out evergreen words like “love” and “affect” vs “effect” that are always high in lookups among the 500,000 words it defines online. This year, the wordsmiths also filtered out numerous five-letter words because Wordle and Quordle players clearly use the company’s site in search of them as they play the daily games, Sokolowski said.
Sokolowski, a lexicologist, and his colleagues have a bevy of runners-up for word of the year that also attracted unusual traffic. They include “X” (lookups spiked in July after Musk’s rebranding of Twitter), “EGOT” (there was a boost in February when Viola Davis achieved that rare quadruple-award status with a Grammy) and “Elemental”, the title of a new Pixar film that had lookups jumping in June.
Rounding out the company’s top words of 2023, in no particular order:
RIZZ: Slang for “romantic appeal or charm” and seemingly short for charisma. Merriam-Webster added the word to its online dictionary in September and it’s been among the top lookups since, Sokolowski said.
KIBBUTZ: There was a massive spike in lookups for “a communal farm or settlement in Israel” after Hamas militants attacked several near the Gaza Strip on Oct 7. The first kibbutz in Israel was founded circa 1909.
IMPLODE: The Jun 18 implosion of the Titan submersible on a commercial expedition to explore the Titanic wreckage sent lookups soaring for this word, meaning “to burst inward”. “It was a story that completely occupied the world,” Sokolowski said.
DEADNAME: Interest was high in what Merriam-Webster defines as “the name that a transgender person was given at birth and no longer uses upon transitioning”. Lookups followed an onslaught of legislation aimed at curtailing LGBTQ+ rights around the US.
DOPPELGANGER: Sokolowski calls this “a word lover’s word”. Merriam-Webster defines it as a “double”, an “alter ego” or a “ghostly counterpart”. It derives from German folklore. Interest in the word surrounded Naomi Klein’s latest book, Doppelganger: A Trip Into The Mirror World, released this year. She uses her own experience of often being confused with feminist author and conspiracy theorist Naomi Wolf as a springboard into a broader narrative on the crazy times we’re all living in.
CORONATION: King Charles III had one on May 6, sending lookups for the word soaring 15,681 per cent over the year before, Sokolowski said. Merriam-Webster defines it as “the act or occasion of crowning”.
DEEPFAKE: The dictionary company’s definition is “an image or recording that has been convincingly altered and manipulated to misrepresent someone as doing or saying something that was not actually done or said.” Interest spiked after Musk’s lawyers in a Tesla lawsuit said he is often the subject of deepfake videos and again after the likeness of Ryan Reynolds appeared in a fake, AI-generated Tesla ad.
DYSTOPIAN: Climate chaos brought on interest in the word. So did books, movies and TV fare intended to entertain. “It’s unusual to me to see a word that is used in both contexts,” Sokolowski said.
COVENANT: Lookups for the word meaning “a usually formal, solemn, and binding agreement” swelled on Mar 27, after a deadly mass shooting at The Covenant School in Nashville, Tennessee. The shooter was a former student killed by police after killing three students and three adults.
Interest also spiked with this year’s release of director Guy Ritchie’s The Covenant and Abraham Verghese’s long-awaited new novel, The Covenant Of Water, which Oprah Winfrey chose as a book club pick.
More recently, soon after US Rep Mike Johnson ascended to House speaker, a 2022 interview with the Louisiana congressman recirculated. He discussed how his teen son was then his “accountability partner” on Covenant Eyes, software that tracks browser history and sends reports to each partner when porn or other potentially objectionable sites are viewed.
INDICT: Former President Donald Trump has been indicted on felony charges in four criminal cases in New York, Florida, Georgia and Washington, DC, in addition to fighting a lawsuit threatening his real estate empire.